Eat Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 Jun 6.
The Body Parts Satisfaction Scale created for the Psychology Today study consisted of 24 items. This scale assessed 'affective body dissatisfaction', or the feelings people have about their bodies (e.g., Thompson, 1995). This scale, or subsets of items from this scale, have been used by scholars conducting research on. Created Date: 5/11/2006 1:13:26 PM. Jan 01, 2015. Body image is a person's perception of the aesthetics or sexual attractiveness of their own body. It involves how a person sees themself, compared to the standards that have been set by society. The concept of body image is used in a number of disciplines, including psychology, medicine, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, philosophy, cultural and feminist studies; the media also often uses.
Published in final edited form as:
Published online 2015 Jun 11. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.001
NIHMSID: NIHMS707223
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Eat Behav
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Abstract
Measures of body dissatisfaction have not been validated for Mexican American (MA) women, who evaluate their bodies differently than Caucasian women. In this study, the psychometric properties of the EDI-III, Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (BDS) were examined in a sample of college-enrolled MA women using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. Criterion validity was also addressed. BDS evidenced good item fit, person and item reliability, once poorly correlated items were removed. Two qualitatively distinct dimensions of body dissatisfaction were identified: (1) overall body shape and stomach, and (2) the lower body. Validity of the scales was supported. Results suggest: MA women’s satisfaction with overall body shape is not synonymous with attitudes toward their lower body.
Keywords: Body dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Inventory-III, Mexican American women, Rasch analysis
Introduction
Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a psychological factor linked to disordered eating behaviors among Latinas. However, the validity of BD measures in this population is not well documented, and there is evidence that Latina women value and experience their bodies differently than Caucasian women (; ). Latina cultures are generally more appreciative of larger, more voluptuous and curvy body types than is mainstream American culture, espousing larger body shape ideals for women, and valuing different specific regions of the body as the beauty ideal (; ; Gray, Ford, & Kelly, 1987). These cultural differences in values related to body shape and size may influence the validity of using BD measures with Latinas.
The Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (BDS) of the Eating Disorder Inventory Version III (EDI-III; Garner, 2004) is a commonly used measure of body dissatisfaction in studies of Latinas. However, recent research has shown that the EDI-III is not invariant across young adult White and Latina samples (). Other researchers examined the structure of EDI-III among college-enrolled Latino women using exploratory factor analysis and found that only 5 of the 10 items loaded on the BDS (). Together these results may reflect threats to the validity of BDS in measuring BD in Latina populations due to differences in perceptions about body image across ethnic groups.
Unlike previous studies that employed classical psychometric methods, the present study sought to advance knowledge regarding the dimensionality, reliability and validity of the BDS of the EDI-III in Mexican American (MA) young adult women employing the Rasch measurement model.
Methods
Participants
Data were from a larger study of college enrolled young adult MA women (). The sample consisted of 482 MA women recruited from US community colleges and universities. Five of the 482 women dropped out before completing baseline data collection, resulting in an analysis sample of 477 women.
Measures
Body Dissatisfaction Measure
The Body Dissatisfaction Subscale is a 10-item subscale within the EDI-III (Garner, 2004) designed to measure dissatisfaction with various areas of one’s body. Items on the BDS are presented on a six-point scale ranging from “never” to “always.” Garner (2004) recommends converting the original item scores to a five-point scale (never and rarely responses = 0; sometimes - always = 1 through 4). We chose to employ the Rasch model to examine the properties of the original six-point rating scale.
Criterion-Related Validity Measures
Disordered eating behaviors were measured using event and signal triggered ecological momentary assessment methodology (EMA) over a 14-day period. Procedures outlined by were employed to estimate 14-day EMA measures when fewer than 14-days of recording were available. Fat self-schema, a semantically based cognitive generalization about oneself as overweight (Markus, Hamill & Sentis, 1987) was assessed using two bi-polar weight-related adjectives embedded in 16 self-descriptors. Participants rated adjectives for self-descriptiveness and importance on 11-point scales. Women who rated at least one adjective (fat and overweight ends of the scale) at points 8–11 for self-descriptiveness and importance were considered fat schematic.
Procedures
The Institutional Review Boards of the two universities that served as primary recruitment sites approved the study protocol. Following completion of informed consent, baseline data collection was completed in two face-to-face sessions. The closed-ended self-schema measure was completed in session 1. The EDI-III was administered in session 2, which was followed by an orientation to the EMA methodology completed over the subsequent 14-days.
Statistical Methods
The BDS was evaluated using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (Andrich, 1978; Masters, 1982). We conducted Rasch analyses to assess the following psychometric properties: (1) scale unidimensionality, (2) item ordering and Rasch model fit, and (3) item and person reliability. Unidimensionality was assessed by performing principal components analysis of Rasch residuals (i.e., observed response minus model-based response probability). Criteria for scale unidimensionality included (1) variance explained by the Rasch model > 40 percent, and (2) eigenvalue associated with the first residual component < 2 (Linacre, 2006). Kay guitar model number identification.
Item fit was assessed using item fit statistics and the correlation between each item and the overall BDS measure. Two item fit statistics (; Wright & Stone, 1979) were examined: mean-square infit, reflecting the presence of random responding, and mean-square outfit, reflecting unexpected outlying responses (i.e., endorsing high severity items but not low severity items). Items were flagged as misfitting if either infit or outfit ≥ 1.33 (Wilson, 2005).
Person reliability reflects the degree to which the instrument differentiates persons varying on the latent trait. Ideally, person reliability should be ≥ .80. Item reliability reflects the degree to which the item hierarchy is well estimated, and should be ≥ .9.
To assess criterion validity, we examined Spearman rho correlation between the BDS with eating disorder behaviors and fat self-schema availability.
Results
Participant Characteristics
Mean age of our sample was 19.8 years (SD = 2.4). Approximately 20% of our sample were first generation in the US with the majority of women second generation (50%) or above. Approximately 80% of women were attending a four-year college. Nearly half (46%) of the sample reported that their parents completed at least an undergraduate degree. Mean body mass index was 25.7 (SD = 6.0).
Rasch Analysis
In initial Rasch analyses of the BDS, two items were found to significantly misfit the Rasch model: Like shape of my buttocks (Infit = 1.41, Outfit = 1.42) and Feel bloated (Infit = 1.62; Outfit = 1.61). Both items were removed from the BDS in subsequent analyses.
Scale unidimensionality
![Satisfaction Satisfaction](https://i1.rgstatic.net/publication/13629156_Factor_structure_of_the_Italian_version_of_the_Body_Satisfaction_Scale_A_multisample_analysis/links/0deec51f62c4a48cb6000000/largepreview.png)
Principal components analysis of Rasch residuals revealed that the BDS captures a strong primary dimension accounting for 65.4% (eigenvalue = 15.1) of the response variance. However, the first principal component of residuals explained 32.6% of residual variance (eigenvalue = 2.6). Items pertaining to the stomach and overall body shape had positive component loadings whereas items pertaining to hips, thighs and buttocks had negative loadings. These two subdimensions were examined as separate subscales, and are henceforth referred to as the BDS Overall Body Shape and Stomach (BDS-OBSS) scale, the BDS Hips, Thighs and Buttocks (BDS-HTB) subscale, and the total subscale as the BDS (see Table 1). As the first residual component associated with each subscale had an eigenvalue < 2.0, we decided not to further divide the BDS into smaller subscales. The correlation between the two subscales disattenuated for measurement error was 0.69 (R2 = 0.47), providing support that the two subscales measure qualitatively distinct aspects of BDS.
Table 1
Unidimensionality and person and item reliability for the three BDS measures
Scale | PCA | Person | Item | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | 1st Residual Component | |||||
Var | EV | Var | EV | Rel. | Rel. | |
BDS | 65.4 | 15.1 | 32.6 | 2.6 | 0.87 | 1.00 |
BDS-OBSS | 79.1 | 11.3 | 56.7 | 1.7 | 0.85 | 0.99 |
BDS-HTB | 71.0 | 12.2 | 38.7 | 1.9 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
![Satisfaction Satisfaction](https://i1.rgstatic.net/publication/10955544_Body_Image_Dissatisfaction_Gender_Differences_in_Eating_Attitudes_Self-Esteem_and_Reasons_for_Exercise/links/0c96053204ade41f6b000000/largepreview.png)
Note. BDS = Body Dissatisfaction Subscale; OBSS = Overall Body Shape and Stomach; HTB = Hips, Thighs and Buttocks; Var = variance; EV = Eigenvalue; Rel. = reliability.
Item ordering and fit
The eight items retained in the instrument fit the Rasch model on the BDS, BDS-OBSS, and BDS-HTB. Item correlations with their respective measures were also high, ranging from 0.65 to 0.78, 0.87 to 0.93, and 0.70 to 0.85 on the BDS, BDS-OBSS and BDS-HTB, respectively.
We also examined the ordering of the items along the BDS continuum. Generally, items pertaining to the stomach were the easiest to endorse (mean calibration = −0.62) whereas items pertaining to the hips (mean calibration = 0.23) and thighs (calibration = 1.45) were the most difficult to endorse. In addition, items referring to body parts as not being the “right size” were easier to endorse (mean calibration = −0.43) compared to items referring to body parts as being “too big” or “too large” (mean calibration = 0.41).
Item and person reliability
Item reliability was excellent and person reliability in the good to very good range, indicating that item calibrations were well estimated and that the BDS and its subscale can reliably distinguish persons with varying levels of body dissatisfaction (see Table 1).
Rating scale functioning
Rasch analysis indicated that the six-point structure was ordered and conformed to Rasch model expectations.
Criterion Validity
We examined the pattern of correlations between the OBSS and HTB subscales and disordered eating behaviors and presence versus absence of a fat self-schema (see Table 2). The OBSS had a significantly stronger positive correlation with the number of purging episodes and availability of a fat self-schema compared to the HTB scale.
Table 2
Spearman rho correlation and Steiger’s Z test scores for the OBSS and HTB subscales and disordered eating behaviors and self-schema scores Super mario rpg wad ntsc.
Baseline behaviors | N | OBSS (6-point) | HTB (6-point) | Difference of correlationsa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Binge eating episodes | 470 | 0.20** | 0.14** | |
Purging episodes | 470 | 0.22** | 0.15** | z=1.72, p=0.04 |
Restricting episodes | 470 | 0.33** | 0.28** | |
Fasting episodes | 470 | 0.22** | 0.28** | |
Sum of z-score disordered eating behaviors (binge, purging, restricting, fasting) | 470 | 0.40** | 0.34** | |
Fat/Overweight schema | 472 | 0.13** | 0.02 | z=2.67, p=0.003 |
aSteiger’s Z test;
OBSS = Overall Body Shape and Stomach; HTB = Hips, Thighs and Buttocks;
**p < .01
Discussion
The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the EDI-III BDS among college-enrolled young MA women. We found that an eight-item BDS measures two dimensions of body dissatisfaction: (1) dissatisfaction with one’s overall body shape that including stomach size and (2) dissatisfaction with buttock, hips and thighs. The OBSS was more strongly correlated with disordered eating behaviors and fat self-schema than the HTB. These findings suggest that for young adults MA women level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with overall body shape is not synonymous with attitudes toward their lower body. Consistent with cultural norms that place value on curvaceous female body shape, evaluation of the lower body may be distinct from the evaluation of the overall body.
The heavier and more curvaceous body type has historically been valued by Latinas as the ideal () and connotes idealized feminine and mothering qualities including “health, inner peace, and success” (Beltran, 2002). Endorsements of body parts as “too large” were more difficult than “right size” also perhaps suggesting conceptions of ideal around larger sizes are less clear. Our study suggest that even in an acculturated sample of MA women, attitudes toward body size and shape continue to reflect culture-specific values and norms that should be addressed in the measurement of body dissatisfaction.
Initial item analyses suggested “I feel bloated after eating a normal meal” (item 47) has a low correlation to the total scale and is likely to be unrelated to the construct of BD in this population. Item statistics further suggest that participant responses for this item were random and unexpected further supporting the view that it is not relevant to the construct. Another item with high infit and outfit statistics was “I like the shape of my buttock” (item 31). In contrast to response to item 47, unexpected responses to this item were all in the same direction with high item ratings relative to the overall level of body dissatisfaction. This finding is consistent with the idea of dissatisfaction with buttocks is distinct from overall body dissatisfaction.
The pattern of correlation coefficients between the fat self-schema, disordered eating behaviors and the OBSS and HTB subscales provide evidence to support the validity of the two subscale structure. Results show that in young adult college-enrolled MA women, dissatisfaction with overall body shape and stomach is associated with a conceptualization of the self as fat, whereas viewing one’s hips, thights and buttock as big is unrelated. These results are consistent with findings of other studies that suggest that MA women conceptualize their body shape differently than other populations of women (). The fact that OBSS is more strongly associated with disordered eating behaviors is consistent with other studies that link overall body dissatisfaction with these behaviors ().
The strengths of this study include the use of a large sample of MA women as well as the employment of rigorous analysis of the psychometric characteristics of the BDS using modern measurement theory. With respect to the population of MA women, this study has identified important modifications to the BD scale to improve its sensitivity and yield unidimensional and meaningful measures of BD. The study also has some limitations. As the present study is a secondary analysis of data collected in a previous investigation (), the data were limited in terms of the sample homogeneity with respect to age range. Confidence in the findings would be strengthened by replications including more diverse samples of women of Mexican origin including a broader age span, varying levels of education, and other indicators of socioeconomic status. In addition, studies that focus individually on other populations of Latinas such as Puerto Rico, Cuba and Latina American countries are needed to better understand cross cultural similarities and differences in nature of body dissatisfaction and the suitability of the BDS of the EDI to measure this important construct.
- Two items of the EDI-III BDS misfit the Rasch model in MA women.
- Rasch analyses support two distinct aspects of body dissatisfaction in MA women.
- The proposed two subscales have good item fit and person & item reliability.
Acknowledgments
Role of Funding Sources
Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Nursing Research (R01NR009691). NINR had no role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Footnotes
Contributors
Authors Stein designed the study and wrote the protocol. Authors Riley and Lee conducted the data analysis and lead interpretation of the results. Author Stein and Hoyland-Domenico wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors contributed to the writing and editing of the final manuscript and have approved the final manuscript for submission.Outline 3 22 0 3. Conflict of Interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
A version of this paper was presented at Hoyland-Domenico, L., Riley, B., & Stein, K.F. (2010). Measurement of body dissatisfaction in Mexican American women. Paper presented at the Thirty-fourth Annual Midwest Nursing Research Society Conference Kansas City, MO.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
References
- Andrich D. A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika. 1978;43:561–573.[Google Scholar]
- Belon KE, McLaughlin EA, Smith JE, Bryan AD, Witkiewitz K, Lash DN, Winn JL. Testing the measurement invariance of the eating disorder inventory in nonclinical samples of hspanic and caucasian women. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2014 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beltran M. The hollywood Latina body as site of social sturggle: Media constructions of Stardom and Jennifer Lopez’s “cross-over butt” Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 2002;19:71–86.[Google Scholar]
- Chamorro R, Flores-Ortiz Y. Acculturation and disordered eating patterns among Mexican American women. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000;28:125–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cordero ED, Julian AK, Murray KE. Measurement of disordered eating in Latina college women. Eating Behaviors. 2013;14:220–223.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franko DL, George JBE. A pilot intervention to reduce eating disorder risk in Latina women. European Eating Disorders Review. 2008;16:436–441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garner DM. EDI 3: Eating Disorder Inventory-3: Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Gordon KH, Castro Y, Sitnikov L, Holm-Denoma JM. Cultural body shape ideals and eating disorder symptoms among White, Latina, and Black college women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2010;16:135–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gray JJ, Ford K, Kelly LM. The prevalence of bulimia in a black college population. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1987;6:733–740.[Google Scholar]
- Linacre J. A user’s guide to WINSTEPS-MINISTEP: Rasch-model computer programs. Chicago. IL: University of Chicago; 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Markus H, Hamill R, Sentis KP. Thinking fat: Self-schemas for body weight and the processing of weight relevant information. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1987;17:50–71.[Google Scholar]
- Masters GN. A rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika. 1982;47:149–174.[Google Scholar]
- Smith RM, Suh KK. Rasch fit statistics as a test of the invariance of item parameter estimates. Journal of Applied Measurement. 2003;4:153–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stein KF, Chen DG, Corte C, Keller C, Trabold N. Disordered eating behaviors in young adult Mexican American women: Prevalence and associations with health risks. Eating Behaviors. 2013;14:476–483.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stein KF, Keller C, Fishstrom A. An unexplored ethical issue in clinical research: disclosure of individual findings in the Creando Posibilidades [Creating Possibilities] study. Research in Nursing & Health. 2013;36:311–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stice E, Shaw HE. Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology: A synthesis of research findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002;53:985–993. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toro J, Gomez-Peresmitré G, Sentis J, Vallés A, Casulà V, Castro J, Pineda G, Leon R, Platas S, Rodriguez R. Eating disorders and body image in Spanish and Mexican female adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2006;41:556–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilson M. Constructing measures: An item response modeling approach. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Wright BD, Stone MH. Best test design: Rasch measurement. Chicago: Mesa Press; 1979. [Google Scholar]
Job Satisfaction Scale
Body Area Satisfaction Scale
Life Satisfaction Scale Questionnaire Pdf
Body Satisfaction Scale Pdf In Autocad Pdf
Body Satisfaction Scale Bss
HI i am just a bit annoyed at your reply the user CAD observer asked a question on HOW TO SCALE A PDF, and did not mention anything about printing, this user further went on and described what have been done so far which was just attach PDF underlay,But somehow you have managed to confused a scaling question for a print question which i think is pretty noobish of you, the question is how can i scale a pdf to 1:100 AND your reply was 'printing could stretch out a pdf drawing' what about if it was never printed??? Argh some people. When using a PDF as a underlay background, to set the PDF to the proper scale I take a know line in the PDF and use the SCALE command to set it to the correct length.ie; if the PDF line is supposed to be 14' long, select the PDF, start the SCALE command, select one end of the line, hit 'R' and enter (to set reference length), pick one end then the other end of the line, and then enter the known dimension of the line (in this case 14').ps. It seems most times it works out to a scale factor of 48 or 96 for 1/4' and 1/8' scale PDFs, this can be set when initially attaching the PDF or by selecting the PDF and using the properties pallet.